PMP培训项目范围管理工具

标杆对照，将实际或计划的做法和标杆进行比较，以便识别出最佳实践识别最好的做法。 

标杆可以来自组织内，也可以来自组织外文件分析，分析现有的文档识别与需求相关的信息，来挖掘新的需求。

也就是看现有的文件，在看的过程中识别新的需求，决策包括了投票和多标准决策分析，投票分为一致同意。

大多数同意，相对多数同意。独裁型决策。

一致同意，也就是百分百同意，比如德尔菲技术！德尔菲技术是偏僻考试的必考题。大多数同意，少数服从多数，超过50%同意。比如40%的要服从60%的，相对多数同意。候选超过两个时使用，比如有三个候选，每个都没有超过一半，那就选择相对比较多的独裁型决策。一个人做决定，一个人说了算。

JAD是引导式研讨会在软件行业中的应用，把用户和开发团队集中在一起，改进软件的开发过程。质量功能展开QF地引导式研讨会在制造业中的应用，从客户那里收集到需求，然后对这些需求进行分类和排序。用户故事引导式研讨会在敏捷方法中的应用，相关人以讲述一个小故事的形式把需求给表达出来。 

亲和图把大量的创意，按照亲和性相关性进行分组，同一类型的放在一起，它又叫归纳法。

思维导图。把头脑风暴中获得的大量创意整合成一张图，从这个地方隐身会联想到哪些？从那个地方引申又会联想到哪些目的在于激发新的创意。所以思维导图又叫做演绎法。

名义小组技术，先进行头脑风暴，通过投票排列出最有用的创意，对头脑风暴进行优先级排序，赞成人数最多的就成为所要的方案。 

观察或交谈，直接查看个人在环境中如何执行工作或实施流程，包括工作跟随参与观察者，引导，经常和主题研讨会结合使用，用于跨职能跨部门协调，主要相关人需求差异的一种技术，它在不同情境下有不同的应用，联合应用开发。

PMP培训 Benchmarking compares actual or planned practices with benchmarks to identify best practices for best practice identification.

Benchmarks can come from within the organization, or they can be analyzed from outside the organization, analyzing existing document identification and demand-related information to mine new requirements.

That is to look at the existing documents, identify new needs in the process of watching, the decision includes voting and multi-standard decision analysis, the voting is divided into unanimous consent.

Most agree, and the majority agrees. Authoritarian decision making.

Consensus, that is, 100% consent, such as Delphi technology! Delphi technology is a must-have for remote exams. Most agree that the minority is subject to the majority and more than 50% agree. For example, 40% must obey 60%, and the majority agrees. Use more than two candidates, for example, there are three candidates, each of which is no more than half, then choose a relatively more dictatorial decision. One person makes a decision, and one person has the final say.

JAD is the application of guided seminars in the software industry, bringing together users and development teams to improve the software development process. The quality function expands the application of QF-guided seminars in manufacturing, collects requirements from customers, and then classifies and ranks these requirements. The application of user story-guided seminars in agile methods, the relevant people express their needs in the form of telling a small story.

Affinity diagrams group a large number of ideas, grouped according to affinity correlation, and put together the same type, which is also called induction.

mind Mapping. Combine the vast amount of ideas gained in brainstorming into a single picture. What do you associate with from this place? What is the purpose of stimulating new ideas from the extension of that place. Therefore, the mind map is also called the deductive method.

Nominal group technology, brainstorming first, sorting out the most useful ideas by voting, prioritizing brainstorming, and agreeing to the most people is the desired solution.

Observe or talk, directly view how the individual performs the work or implementation process in the environment, including work follow-up observers, guidance, often combined with thematic seminars, for cross-functional cross-sector coordination, a major difference in the needs of the relevant stakeholders Technology, which has different applications in different situations, joint application development.